Failure to follow instructions is one of the most pervasive childhood problems for which professional help or behavioral treatment is required. (Bernal, Klinnert, & Schultz, 1980; Miles & Wilder, 2009). Noncompliance is defined as failure to comply with an instruction within a specified period of time. Noncompliance with instructions is common in preschool settings (Crowther, Bond, & Rolf, 1981) with an estimated prevalence of 8% to 65% among children (Kalb & Loeber, 2003; Rodriguez, Thompson, & Baynham, 2010 ). Non-compliance has several negative impacts on an individual. First, failure to comply with requests or instructions can prevent the child from learning. This is especially true for children who engage in noncompliance behaviors maintained by escape. A child's learning will be affected if they are often out of class, taking away the opportunity to learn new skills. Therefore, compliance with teacher instructions in the classroom is critical for effective learning (Martens & Kelly, 1993). Additionally, noncompliance affects the development of social skills as the child may learn to engage in inappropriate behavior to gain attention or escape demand. These inappropriate behaviors can in turn influence positive social interactions with peers and teachers. Second, noncompliance also limits access to potential employment opportunities, especially for thriving individuals with learning and developmental disabilities. The ability to comply with supervisor instructions and requests is a necessary skill required of an employee. Furthermore, noncompliance is often exacerbated when individuals engage in aggressive or self-injurious behaviors to escape demands. Noncompliance, coupled with inappropriate behavior,… middle of paper… repeated mating or exposure to consequence-based procedures such as extinction. That is, consistent exposure to extinction or other consequence-based interventions can establish high-probability instructions as discriminative stimuli for compliance (Wilder, Allison, Nicholson, Abellon, & Saulnier, 2010). Finally, while the studies presented have established the effectiveness of positive reinforcement in cases of noncompliance, it will be interesting to discover whether there are conditions under which positive reinforcement contingencies are not as effective. For example, it may be less effective when given more difficult or highly aversive tasks. Additionally, most research conducted has used edible reinforcers, so future research should attempt to determine the effects of other positive reinforcers on escape-maintained problem behavior. Future research could examine these possibilities.