A virtual organization is goal-directed and composed of geographically distributed agents who may or may not meet face-to-face. The term “organization” is general as it refers to a multitude of different types of entities (Gallivan, 2001, p.281). Gallivan goes on to argue that while many argue that the only way to manage someone unseen is through trust, he argues that by controlling the conditions of collaboration and norms of behavior, any agent can trust other members of the virtual world . organization, thus obviating the need for trust (Gallivan, 2001, p.283). It goes on to analyze the OSS movement in more detail by distinguishing the concept of virtual organization and examining how OSS members can effectively function as a distributed network of agents. Here he uses the work of psychologist Richard Hackman who also argues that there is more to group effectiveness than one-dimensional measures of productivity. This requires us to delve deeper into the group's success in delivering a specific product to understand the group's performance. He states that groups must be designed in specific ways and have certain controls to produce effective results. Gallivan then goes on to explain that the basis of this control is set out in the book "McDonaldization of Society" by sociologist George Ritzer. This theory of McDonaldization is inspired by Max Webber's views of rationalization, identifying four attributes of modern organizations that include efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control (Gallivan, 2001, p.286). None of these attributes mention confidence in any of their explanations. The author goes on to explain that this is more of a social criticism and remains value neutral. Him