First of all, the first characteristic is personalized. Education should address students' aptitude and help produce an interest in learning. Next, the second feature is content structure. The content should be structured so that the student can understand it easily. The third feature is sequencing. Sequencing is very important for presenting the material. Finally, the fourth characteristic is reinforcement. Reinforcement involves rewards and punishments and should be selected and used appropriately. Furthermore, Bruner identified three phases of intellectual development. The first phase is the Enactive phase and is when a person learns about the world through actions on physical objects and the outcomes of those objects. The second phase is the iconic phase. In this phase learning is achieved using models and images. Finally, the last phase is the symbolic phase. This stage is where the student is able to think in abstract terms. Bruner recommends using a combination of concrete, pictorial, and symbolic activities for the most effective results