The Affirmative Action Plan can be used immediately. Affirmative action refers to admissions policies that ensure equal access to education for those groups that have historically been excluded or underrepresented such as women and minorities. For example, in April 2003, Barbara Grutter, a white female resident of Michigan, applied to the University of Michigan Law School with a GPA of 3.8 and an LSAT score of 161 and was denied due to university's interest in having "a critical mass of students". from minority groups". There was speculation about Miss Grutter's livelihood, the reporter began by saying that Miss Grutter was among the poor and faculty members felt that she was of no use to the University of Michigan Law School. While the university felt they were providing opportunities for students by letting them know that their university is also open to all, it was noted that one student was not admitted due to her different circumstances. The court did what it saw fit and saw no positive use of the statement of purpose, and forced the University of Michigan to change it