Topic > Perfectionism and athlete burnout in elite sports: the...

In recent decades, American society has become increasingly obsessed with performance outcomes and winning; being declared the best became the most important thing (Crain, 2004). Winning is often seen as an all-or-nothing virtue, so greatness is a descriptive term reserved only for those whose names appear at the top of the list (Hanchon, 2011). This evolving mindset communicates to our youth that, despite their efforts, only the end results matter. For many individuals, ideas of success, excellence, and self-esteem have become highly dependent on the perceived outcomes of the competitions or events in which they participate (Hanchon, 2011). Outperforming one's competitors constitutes the defining characteristic of success or excellence, which in turn appears to serve as a determining factor in an individual's self-evaluation of life satisfaction ( Harackiewicz, Barron, & Elliot, 1998 ). Sports performance is mediated by positive factors and negative variables; the pressure to perform for a result leads to the negative variable of higher expectations on the athlete. Stress and pressure to perform are both factors that contribute to higher levels of anxiety, overtraining, and burnout in athletes (Weinberg & Gould, 2007). In some cases, “higher expectations also appear to increase the amount of stress an athlete may experience, and higher levels of stress are generally related to higher levels of state anxiety and burnout” (Jones & Hanton, 1996; Raedeke & Smith, 2001). .BurnoutFear of failure, frustration, high expectations, anxiety, and other pressures to perform are all stresses identified as related to burnout (Dale & Weinberg, 1990). Burnout was addressed in the Old Testament (Exodus 18:17-18), where... the focus of the article ......the susceptibility of elite athletes to burnout. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28, 32-48.Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., Rose, E. (2009). Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 785-795.Raedeke, T. D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than stress? A perspective of commitment. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 396-417.Raedeke, T.D., & Smith, A.L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of a measure of athlete burnout. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23, 281-306.Vallerand, R. J. (2008). On the psychology of passion: Searching for what makes people's lives more worth living. Canadian Psychology, 49, 1-13. Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D, (2007). Foundation of sport and exercise psychology (4th ed.). Chapter21: Burnout and overtraining (pp. 489-509). Champaign, IL: Human