In this article, historian Francis Robinson argues that Islam is a single universal tradition based on the fact that practical elements borrowed from Hinduism are needed to be considered errors in religion. These syncretic elements were combined into Hinduism by various Indian communities. The question is whether Islam is a unified religion or rather it is a religion that embraces other religious practices of different communities. Islam is practiced differently around the world and is fused with local practices and other religions. And how Christianity appears in many forms around the world. The question is to look at how they are different from each other. Anthropologists argue that the distinctive practices and beliefs should not be considered an inferior form of Islam, but should consider them equal. Robinson argues that Indian Islam may contain Hindu elements, but these will disappear as those who practice them gain knowledge about the actual core practices of Islam. He argues that this has happened before as Islam spread to new areas, but it is still a religion with little variation. In contrast, sociologist Veena Das argues that Robinson only learns from the historical context he has read rather than from people's behavior and beliefs. Such Islamic texts give a wrong impression about how the religion is practiced by common people. He argues that religious texts do not lead to a single tradition. The different texts give different interpretations and practices that are not practiced in reality as in Arab countries. Anthropologists see Islam in South Asia as a more Indian creed. Robinson contrasts this theory with support from sociologist Imtiaz Ahmad. Ahmad claims that... the central part of the document... is the source of the spread of Islam. They help Islam spread to other parts of the world and recognize the religion. There is therefore a relationship between Muslim societies and the Islamic tradition transmitted by holy men. Muslim societies are moving towards ideal Islam. There have always been interruptions that distanced them from religion, making the difference between the principles and how they actually practice them. Indian Islam has weakened where knowledge of the faith has been suppressed. They aggressively try to spread Islamic knowledge through movements and teaching in schools and by translating it into other languages ​​as has happened in India. Many Muslims have realized that Islam has changed and that perfection cannot be achieved. Furthermore, there is a separation between how Muslims live and what others believe.