There are six fundamental virtues, which are wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, transcendence and temperance (and self-control). McCullough and Snyder argued that people should think of virtues as discrete, coordinated systems of thought, reason, emotion, motivation, and action. Exline said that if the psychological study of religion is to advance, people must look beneath that category of religious involvement to see the effects of specific religious beliefs or doctrines. The first fundamental virtue is Wisdom. Peterson and Seligman defined wisdom as cognitive strengths that involve the acquisition and use of knowledge, and such strengths are knowledge that has been fought hard for and then used for good. Wisdom-specific strengths include a love of learning, creativity, open-mindedness, curiosity, and seeing things in a broad perspective. In many religious traditions, wisdom is a common theme. Dahlsgaard, Peterson, and Seligman studied the major writings of eight-word philosophies. They claimed that Confucius taught wisdom as a specific virtue and that people acquire that knowledge through education and experiences. Thomas Aquinas listed wisdom as the most important of the cardinal virtues in his classic enumeration of human strengths. Research on wisdom has proposed that wisdom is characterized by a highly developed form of thinking that involves dialectical reasoning, recognition of limitations, and an openness to different modes of experience and to