That dominance reflected their origins as equipment manufacturers and subsequent downstream integration into display and production, with Pathé also having a significant presence in music recording based on its first production of gramophones. Gaumont cinemas were nationalized in 1938 but released after 1945. In 1970 Gaumont and Pathé formed a Groupement d'Intérêt Économique (GIE) for distribution to their cinema chains and associates, in competition with L'Union Générale de Cinématographie (UCG , privatized in 1971) the one focused on nationalized production companies and their cinemas. GIE Pathé-Gaumont was dissolved in 1982. Jérôme's brother Nicolas gained control of Gaumont in the mid-1970s. In 2001 the Gaumont and Pathé cinema chains merged into EuroPalaces SA, with around 86 theaters (with 633 screens in France, 96 in the Netherlands, 13 in