Introduction Cloning is consistently a topic found in the news, discussed in science classes, or used in research by geneticists, biochemists, and other scientists. Cloning can be divided into three specific types: molecular cloning, cellular cloning and animal cloning. Molecular cloning focuses on the transfer of genes from one organism to another (of the same species or not). Cell cloning serves as a basis for animal cloning, but is different in that the main goal is to cause differentiation of stem cells into specific cells for a patient or for scientific research. Animal cloning is the actual cloning of a multicellular organism such as Dolly the sheep. This leads to ethical issues that may inhibit further research or lead to alternative/safer measures for cloning. Molecular cloning Molecular cloning serves as the basis for the transfer of specific genes into a target organism. This can be used to transfer resistance from a donor to the target. Alternatively, molecular cloning can be thought of as DNA cloning, genetic cloning, or genetic recombination. It is important to take into account the unique expression of the gene, such as which cell type expresses the gene. The temporal expression of the gene must also be taken into account, i.e. the moment in which that gene is expressed in the life cycle. Correct identification of these elements leads to the ability to isolate that gene for recombination. The molecular cloning process can be divided into several steps that require host DNA with gene, enzymes, vectors and host cells. The necessary enzymes include a restriction enzyme and DNA ligase. Vectors are made up of a plasmid which is a circular piece of DNA found inside prokaryotic cells. There are various types of vectors: pla......middle of paper......can you explain? Would he have physical problems? Psychological problems? There are many other ethical issues that affect the pace of research or how it is carried out. Conclusion Ethical issues may slow the progress of cloning, but they also allow for further understanding of how it works and how we can find ways to improve the odds and help society with the multitude of problems it can solve. With molecular cloning we can give plants resistance against the diseases that devastate them, thus increasing the yield for our consumption. Cell cloning can be used to solve the problems of transplanting donated organs or tissues. Animal cloning can be used to increase the amount of food, create healthier food, or eliminate the extinction of a species. Cloning offers many options to the many problems we face today, and the progress made offers us an exciting future.